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Introduction to gemology, crystal growth, and internal structure

Diamond: geology, the graphite relationship, cleavage, physical and gemological properties, natural growth indicators, inclusions, rough versus polished, and microscopic indicators

Emerald and the beryl group, including Green Beryl and Pezzottaite

Peridot, including mantle context and field specimens from Saudi Arabia

Corundum: ruby and sapphire geology, inclusions, treatments, synthetics, Verneuil / flux / hydrothermal indicators, and evaluation tools

Topaz; Turquoise; Pearls and Opals; Tourmaline; Zircon; Spinel

Laboratory-grown gems and growth methods, including HPHT / CVD diamond and hydrothermal / Verneuil growth

Gem treatments and diagnostic effects: flux healing, diffusion, irradiation, laser paths, ion implantation, heat, emerald oil/resin treatment, beryllium diffusion, rutile alteration, stress halos, and filling bubbles

Gemological testing and fraud-detection principles: refractive index, loupe, spectroscopy, stamps and hallmarks, polishing responsibility, and warnings against destructive fire testing

Field and microscopic archive sections, plus a diamond grading / reference appendix